Interior

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=== Purpose-Built Spaces  ===
=== Purpose-Built Spaces  ===
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The typical cruising yacht will include galley/eating, head, saloon seating, stateroom/sleeping, and navigation purpose-built spaces and fittings. Additionally, space will often be built to accommodate anchoring activities, engine/mechanical as well as stowage space.  
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The typical cruising yacht will include galley/eating, head, saloon seating, stateroom/sleeping berths, and navigation purpose-built spaces and fittings. Additionally, space will often be built to accommodate anchoring activities, engine/mechanical as well as stowage space.  
The smaller a cruising boat is, the more likely that the purpose-built spaces will overlap or be combined. It is not uncommon for the main cabin of a small vessel to combine cooking, eating, relaxing, navigation, and sleeping functions all in one small area by the clever use of purpose-built furniture and fittings.  
The smaller a cruising boat is, the more likely that the purpose-built spaces will overlap or be combined. It is not uncommon for the main cabin of a small vessel to combine cooking, eating, relaxing, navigation, and sleeping functions all in one small area by the clever use of purpose-built furniture and fittings.  
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Alcohol stoves have been common on production sailboats and powerboats for decades. Alcohol is a relatively safe fuel that, when liquid, does not explode. Its fires can be put out with water, but it has low heat content, burns with a sort of offensive odor and gives off a lot of water when it burns. Alcohol fuel is also expensive and feeble in its ability to heat large amounts of food.  
Alcohol stoves have been common on production sailboats and powerboats for decades. Alcohol is a relatively safe fuel that, when liquid, does not explode. Its fires can be put out with water, but it has low heat content, burns with a sort of offensive odor and gives off a lot of water when it burns. Alcohol fuel is also expensive and feeble in its ability to heat large amounts of food.  
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Pressure-style alcohol stoves, like those from Kenyon, Shipmate, Galley Maid and others, generally use pressurized tanks feeding burners that must be pre-heated with liquid alcohol to make them hot enough to vaporize the fuel so it can burn effectively. This process, although not difficult, must be done correctly or the stove will tend to flare up and send flames high above the surface of the stove. This can also lead to an overflow of liquid fuel, which can leak around the stove causing a large, low intensity fire when it ignites. Many boat fires are caused by alcohol stove flare-ups. For these reasons, the number of alcohol stoves using pressurized burners has declined dramatically.  
+
;Pressure-style alcohol stoves: These generally use pressurized tanks feeding burners that must be pre-heated with liquid alcohol to make them hot enough to vaporize the fuel so it can burn effectively. This process, although not difficult, must be done correctly or the stove will tend to flare up and send flames high above the surface of the stove. This can also lead to an overflow of liquid fuel, which can leak around the stove causing a large, low intensity fire when it ignites. Many boat fires are caused by alcohol stove flare-ups. For these reasons, the number of alcohol stoves using pressurized burners has declined dramatically.  
-
Non-pressurized alcohol stoves, which store the liquid fuel in an absorbent material, rather than a pressurized tank are very safe. A special burner that looks like a small chimney creates a draft and intensifies the relatively gentle flame. There is no priming, no flare-ups and much less danger of fire on board. Although any fuel can be dangerous in an enclosed space, modern alcohol stoves that do not use fuel under pressure are much safer.  
+
;Non-pressurized alcohol stoves: These store the liquid fuel in an absorbent material, rather than a pressurized tank are very safe. A special burner that looks like a small chimney creates a draft and intensifies the relatively gentle flame. There is no priming, no flare-ups and much less danger of fire on board. Although any fuel can be dangerous in an enclosed space, modern alcohol stoves that do not use fuel under pressure are much safer.  
-
Kerosene and diesel cookers are less common, used mainly by northern-latitude cruisers and commercial boats. Kerosene and diesel burn extremely hot, are quite safe in liquid form, and are compact to store since the fuel has a high heat content. If diesel is used, the ship’s fuel tank can be used to power the stove as well as the engine. Kerosene and diesel are also cheaper to operate than alcohol.  
+
;Kerosene and diesel cookers: These are less common, used mainly by northern-latitude cruisers and commercial boats. Kerosene and diesel burn extremely hot, are quite safe in liquid form, and are compact to store since the fuel has a high heat content. If diesel is used, the ship’s fuel tank can be used to power the stove as well as the engine. Kerosene and diesel are also cheaper to operate than alcohol.  The disadvantages are that both kerosene and diesel burn with a bit of soot, have to be pre-heated like alcohol, diesel stoves must be vented (chimney) whereas kerosene is much cleaner burning. Some people do not tolerate the mild smell of kerosene or the stronger odor of diesel. The safety factors outweigh the bother of having to pre-heat the stove for many people, though.  
-
The disadvantages are that both kerosene and diesel burn with a bit of soot, have to be pre-heated like alcohol, diesel stoves must be vented (chimney) whereas kerosene is much cleaner burning. Some people do not tolerate the mild smell of kerosene or the stronger odor of diesel. The safety factors outweigh the bother of having to pre-heat the stove for many people, though.  
+
;CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) stoves: These are very uncommon since the fuel is hard to find except in certain areas of the USA like Southern California. CNG is compressed methane gas, stored under very high pressure in gas form (2400psi at 100°F). Monitoring the amount of gas in the cylinder is easy, as the pressure declines steadily as the gas is consumed. CNG has a much lower heat content than other common fuels, so it is not tremendously efficient at cooking and heating. CNG is lighter than air but it is still dangerous and potentially explosive, so CNG systems must be vapor-tight to the hull interior and well ventilated.  
-
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) stoves are very uncommon since the fuel is hard to find except in certain areas of the USA like Southern California. CNG is compressed methane gas, stored under very high pressure in gas form (2400psi at 100°F). Monitoring the amount of gas in the cylinder is easy, as the pressure declines steadily as the gas is consumed. CNG has a much lower heat content than other common fuels, so it is not tremendously efficient at cooking and heating. CNG is lighter than air but it is still dangerous and potentially explosive, so CNG systems must be vapor-tight to the hull interior and well ventilated.  
+
;Propane stoves: For non-cruisers, LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas, or propane)stoves have largely replaced alcohol, diesel, and kerosene stoves on most new boats. LPG is compact, since it is stored as a liquid and burned as a gas. LPG remains in liquid form when stored under pressure at room temperature The benefits are that it is very familiar--like cooking on a gas stove at home; it lights instantly without pre-heating; and burns with a small odor which most people tolerate well. LPG, propane, is not as safe to use aboard a boat as other fuels are because it heavier than air and will settle as a gas in low areas of the hull if not stored properly in a locker vented overboard. If it settled to the bilge because of a leak, it can ignite and literally blow up a boat. Because of this explosion danger from propane if used in enclosed spaces like boat hulls, propane stoves must have special safety devices to shut off the flow of propane if the burner is extinguished.  
-
For non-cruisers, LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas, or propane)stoves have largely replaced alcohol, diesel, and kerosene stoves on most new boats. LPG is compact, since it is stored as a liquid and burned as a gas. LPG remains in liquid form when stored under pressure at room temperature The benefits are that it is very familiar--like cooking on a gas stove at home; it lights instantly without pre-heating; and burns with a small odor which most people tolerate well. LPG, propane, is not as safe to use aboard a boat as other fuels are because it heavier than air and will settle as a gas in low areas of the hull if not stored properly in a locker vented overboard. If it settled to the bilge because of a leak, it can ignite and literally blow up a boat. Because of this explosion danger from propane if used in enclosed spaces like boat hulls, propane stoves must have special safety devices to shut off the flow of propane if the burner is extinguished.  
+
;Electric stoves:  These are are only common on power boats or large sailboats that have plentiful 120V AC power from a generator or from shore power. Electric stoves are probably the safest stoves available, because they don’t introduce explosive gases into the cabin and they don’t have open flames or produce carbon monoxide. However, like any resistance heater, they require large amounts of electricity to operate. They are impractical on all but boats with AC gensets.  
-
Electric stoves are common on large boats that have plentiful 120V AC power from a generator or from shore power. Electric stoves are probably the safest stoves available, because they don’t introduce explosive gases into the cabin and they don’t have open flames or produce carbon monoxide. However, like any resistance heater, they require large amounts of electricity to operate. They are impractical on all but boats with AC gensets.
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=== Berths ===
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=== Head  ===
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[[Image:doubleberth.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A double berth]]
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info needed
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While beds on large ships are like those on shore, the lack of space on smaller yachts means that beds must be fit in wherever possible. Some of these berths have specific names:
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;Quarter berth: A single bunk tucked under the cockpit. Usually found in smaller boats where there is not room for a cabin in this location. Typically, the head and chest will be in the main saloon, with the remainder of the body extending into a small compartment leading aft.  These berths are sometimes called "coffin" berths. These berths are sometimes preferred by some skippers as they can be close to the cockpit while off-watch; there's also no possibility of falling out of bed.
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;Settee berth: The archetypal layout for a small yacht has seats running down both sides of the cabin, with a table in the middle. At night, these seats can usually be used as beds. Because the ideal ergonomic distance between a seat-back and its front edge (back of the knee) makes for a rather narrow bed, settee berths will often have a system for moving the back of the settee out of the way; this can reveal a surprisingly wide bunk, often running right out to the hull side underneath the lockers. If they are to be used at sea, settee berths must have [[#Lee-Cloths|lee-cloths]] to prevent the user falling out of bed. Sometimes the settee forms part of a double bed for use in at anchor or in port, often using detachable pieces of the table and extra cushions. Such beds are not usually referred to as settee berths.
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;Pilot berth: A narrow berth high up in the side of the cabin, usually above and behind the back of the settee and right up under the deck. Sometimes the side of this bunk is "walled in" up to the sleeper's chest; there may even be small shelves or lockers on the partition so that the bed is "behind the furniture". The pilot berth is so called because originally, on working boats, they were so small and uncomfortable that nobody slept in them most of the time; only the pilot, if he had to spend a night on board, would be offered it.
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[[Image:berth.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A Berth is fitted to the hull shape]]
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;V-berth: Almost all small sailboats have a bed in the extreme forward end of the hull (usually in a separate cabin sometimes referred to as the forepeak which is another name for a ship's forecastle or fo'c'sle. Because of the shape of the forward hull this bed is triangular, though most also have a notch cut out of the middle of the aft end, splitting it partially into two separate beds and making it more of a V shape, hence the name. This notch can usually be filled in with a detachable board and cushion, creating something more like a double bed (though with drastically reduced space for the feet; 12" wide is typical). The term "V-berth" is widely used in the USA but not world-wide.
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[[Image:Nav_chart_channel_island.jpg|thumb|right|400px|A Small Chart Table Provides Space for Chart Book and Navigation Tools]]<br>
 
=== Navigation Table  ===
=== Navigation Table  ===
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info needed here about nav stations.  
info needed here about nav stations.  
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[[Image:Nav_chart_channel_island.jpg|thumb|right|400px|A Small Chart Table Provides Space for Chart Book and Navigation Tools]]<br>
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=== Main Saloon  ===
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MORE info needed here
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Like the boat pictured at right, many cruising boats have pilot berths outboard and above the built-in settees and a cabin-table which gimballs.  Many boats are set up with lee cloths so both the pilot berths and settees may be used for berthing a large crew or during rough seas when berths further forward or aft would be uncomfortable.   
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[[Image:Main_saloon.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The Efficient Main Saloon of the Herreshoff Designed Newport 29]]<br>
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=== Stowage  ===
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=== Main Saloon  ===
 
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info needed here
 
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=== Head  ===
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info needed
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[[Image:Main_saloon.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The Efficient Main Saloon of the Herreshoff Designed Newport 29]]<br>
 
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===Lee-Cloths===
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Unless the structure of the berth itself renders them unnecessary (quarter berths, pilot berths with partitions), bunks on a yacht will have lee-cloths to prevent the sleeper falling out due to the motion of the vessel. These are typically sheets of canvas attached to the open side of the bunk (very few are open all round) and usually tucked under the mattress during the day or when sleeping at anchor or in port. Lengths of rope are attached to the upper corners of the lee-cloth, and fittings are provided above the berth to which these lines can be tied, holding the cloth in place as a kind of wall across the open side of the bunk.
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Lee cloths have some secondary uses:
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* If the cloth is fairly tall, it can serve as a kind of curtain to the berth, in an attempt either to provide privacy (something of a lost cause on board a small boat) or to avoid being awakened by the activities of those on watch.
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* Instead of tucking them under the mattress, some owners pull the lee-cloths across the top of the settee berths during rough weather, providing a protective cover for the fabric below and allowing the crew to sit down in wet clothing without damaging it.
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* Pilot berths are sometimes used as storage on short trips with large crews. Each person's kit is kept in a large bag or holdall, and during the day all bags are placed in the pilot berths and tied down under the leecloths.
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=== Materials and Maintenance  ===
=== Materials and Maintenance  ===

Revision as of 21:57, 13 June 2012

The Cruising Yacht Interior

The individual selection of cruising vessel often has as much to do with interior comforts as it does with sailing and heavy weather performance. The cruising boat's cabin must first protect the crew from the elements, be capable of carrying tons of supplies for long journeys, and be set up ergonomically for all the activities of ordinary living while at sea.

History

Cruising yachts of the early 20th century were by-and-large based upon working boats rather than racing yachts. Interiors of working boats and racing boats both focused on purpose-built spaces. Blue-water boats tended to have spaces more tightly confined to prevent crew from falling large distances in heavy seas; blue-water boats also tended to have fewer port holes, limited deck lights or hatches which might allow water ingress. This provided for cramped and dark space below decks. Later in the 20th century, cruising yachts began to copy more racing yacht hull designs but still retained many of the purpose-built spaces of working boat interiors. The majority of modern yachts cruising today tend to be built less for blue water passage and more for the crew's enjoyment of well-lit and spacious interiors.
Early 20th Century Racing Boat Interior

Purpose-Built Spaces

The typical cruising yacht will include galley/eating, head, saloon seating, stateroom/sleeping berths, and navigation purpose-built spaces and fittings. Additionally, space will often be built to accommodate anchoring activities, engine/mechanical as well as stowage space.

The smaller a cruising boat is, the more likely that the purpose-built spaces will overlap or be combined. It is not uncommon for the main cabin of a small vessel to combine cooking, eating, relaxing, navigation, and sleeping functions all in one small area by the clever use of purpose-built furniture and fittings.

Galley

A galley is the kitchen aboard a vessel, usually laid out in an efficient typical style with longitudinal units and overhead cabinets. This makes the best use of the usually limited space aboard ships. It also caters for the rolling and heaving nature of ships, making them more resistant to the effects of the movement of the ship. For this reason galley stoves are often gimballed, so that the liquid in pans does not spill out. They are also commonly equipped with bars, preventing the cook from falling against the hot stove.

The most important bit of kit in the galley will be the galley stove. Marine stoves are generally compact to fit in the confines of boat galleys and have special modifications for use underway. Sailboat stoves are different from household appliances: They have to operate normally at angles up to 30° without cookware sliding off. Oven doors are latched securely so they can't be forced open by the weight of baking containers inside if the boat heels. The controls are located on the front or along the side, so the cook does not have to reach over hot cookware on a moving boat. There are no continuous pilot lights that could cause a fuel explosion.

Most stoves on boats rely on combustible fuels: either alcohol, kerosene, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas/propane) or CNG (compressed natural gas). Some powerboats and larger sailboats rely on electrical appliances in their galleys, which run off the engine's alternator and an inverter, shore power at the dock or a generator onboard that can produce 110V AC electricity. Modern stoves are made from non-corroding materials like stainless steel. Most will have two or more burners on the top to heat pots, and many have a burner in the oven for baking. Some have a broiler, with a flat burner on top of a broiler compartment so sandwiches, steaks and other foods can be broiled. Both power and sailboat stoves have potholders, which are bracket/clamps that encircle the base of the pot or pan to keep it from sliding.
A Small and Simple Galley in a Cruiser/Racer. The port sink is covered by a countertop inset when not in use and a 1 burner stove is cleverly hidden in a drawer which pulls out from the starboard cabinet

Alcohol stoves have been common on production sailboats and powerboats for decades. Alcohol is a relatively safe fuel that, when liquid, does not explode. Its fires can be put out with water, but it has low heat content, burns with a sort of offensive odor and gives off a lot of water when it burns. Alcohol fuel is also expensive and feeble in its ability to heat large amounts of food.

Pressure-style alcohol stoves
These generally use pressurized tanks feeding burners that must be pre-heated with liquid alcohol to make them hot enough to vaporize the fuel so it can burn effectively. This process, although not difficult, must be done correctly or the stove will tend to flare up and send flames high above the surface of the stove. This can also lead to an overflow of liquid fuel, which can leak around the stove causing a large, low intensity fire when it ignites. Many boat fires are caused by alcohol stove flare-ups. For these reasons, the number of alcohol stoves using pressurized burners has declined dramatically.
Non-pressurized alcohol stoves
These store the liquid fuel in an absorbent material, rather than a pressurized tank are very safe. A special burner that looks like a small chimney creates a draft and intensifies the relatively gentle flame. There is no priming, no flare-ups and much less danger of fire on board. Although any fuel can be dangerous in an enclosed space, modern alcohol stoves that do not use fuel under pressure are much safer.
Kerosene and diesel cookers
These are less common, used mainly by northern-latitude cruisers and commercial boats. Kerosene and diesel burn extremely hot, are quite safe in liquid form, and are compact to store since the fuel has a high heat content. If diesel is used, the ship’s fuel tank can be used to power the stove as well as the engine. Kerosene and diesel are also cheaper to operate than alcohol. The disadvantages are that both kerosene and diesel burn with a bit of soot, have to be pre-heated like alcohol, diesel stoves must be vented (chimney) whereas kerosene is much cleaner burning. Some people do not tolerate the mild smell of kerosene or the stronger odor of diesel. The safety factors outweigh the bother of having to pre-heat the stove for many people, though.
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) stoves
These are very uncommon since the fuel is hard to find except in certain areas of the USA like Southern California. CNG is compressed methane gas, stored under very high pressure in gas form (2400psi at 100°F). Monitoring the amount of gas in the cylinder is easy, as the pressure declines steadily as the gas is consumed. CNG has a much lower heat content than other common fuels, so it is not tremendously efficient at cooking and heating. CNG is lighter than air but it is still dangerous and potentially explosive, so CNG systems must be vapor-tight to the hull interior and well ventilated.
Propane stoves
For non-cruisers, LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas, or propane)stoves have largely replaced alcohol, diesel, and kerosene stoves on most new boats. LPG is compact, since it is stored as a liquid and burned as a gas. LPG remains in liquid form when stored under pressure at room temperature The benefits are that it is very familiar--like cooking on a gas stove at home; it lights instantly without pre-heating; and burns with a small odor which most people tolerate well. LPG, propane, is not as safe to use aboard a boat as other fuels are because it heavier than air and will settle as a gas in low areas of the hull if not stored properly in a locker vented overboard. If it settled to the bilge because of a leak, it can ignite and literally blow up a boat. Because of this explosion danger from propane if used in enclosed spaces like boat hulls, propane stoves must have special safety devices to shut off the flow of propane if the burner is extinguished.
Electric stoves
These are are only common on power boats or large sailboats that have plentiful 120V AC power from a generator or from shore power. Electric stoves are probably the safest stoves available, because they don’t introduce explosive gases into the cabin and they don’t have open flames or produce carbon monoxide. However, like any resistance heater, they require large amounts of electricity to operate. They are impractical on all but boats with AC gensets.

Berths

A double berth

While beds on large ships are like those on shore, the lack of space on smaller yachts means that beds must be fit in wherever possible. Some of these berths have specific names:

Quarter berth
A single bunk tucked under the cockpit. Usually found in smaller boats where there is not room for a cabin in this location. Typically, the head and chest will be in the main saloon, with the remainder of the body extending into a small compartment leading aft. These berths are sometimes called "coffin" berths. These berths are sometimes preferred by some skippers as they can be close to the cockpit while off-watch; there's also no possibility of falling out of bed.
Settee berth
The archetypal layout for a small yacht has seats running down both sides of the cabin, with a table in the middle. At night, these seats can usually be used as beds. Because the ideal ergonomic distance between a seat-back and its front edge (back of the knee) makes for a rather narrow bed, settee berths will often have a system for moving the back of the settee out of the way; this can reveal a surprisingly wide bunk, often running right out to the hull side underneath the lockers. If they are to be used at sea, settee berths must have lee-cloths to prevent the user falling out of bed. Sometimes the settee forms part of a double bed for use in at anchor or in port, often using detachable pieces of the table and extra cushions. Such beds are not usually referred to as settee berths.
Pilot berth
A narrow berth high up in the side of the cabin, usually above and behind the back of the settee and right up under the deck. Sometimes the side of this bunk is "walled in" up to the sleeper's chest; there may even be small shelves or lockers on the partition so that the bed is "behind the furniture". The pilot berth is so called because originally, on working boats, they were so small and uncomfortable that nobody slept in them most of the time; only the pilot, if he had to spend a night on board, would be offered it.
A Berth is fitted to the hull shape
V-berth
Almost all small sailboats have a bed in the extreme forward end of the hull (usually in a separate cabin sometimes referred to as the forepeak which is another name for a ship's forecastle or fo'c'sle. Because of the shape of the forward hull this bed is triangular, though most also have a notch cut out of the middle of the aft end, splitting it partially into two separate beds and making it more of a V shape, hence the name. This notch can usually be filled in with a detachable board and cushion, creating something more like a double bed (though with drastically reduced space for the feet; 12" wide is typical). The term "V-berth" is widely used in the USA but not world-wide.

Navigation Table

info needed here about nav stations.





A Small Chart Table Provides Space for Chart Book and Navigation Tools

Main Saloon

MORE info needed here


Like the boat pictured at right, many cruising boats have pilot berths outboard and above the built-in settees and a cabin-table which gimballs. Many boats are set up with lee cloths so both the pilot berths and settees may be used for berthing a large crew or during rough seas when berths further forward or aft would be uncomfortable.

The Efficient Main Saloon of the Herreshoff Designed Newport 29


Stowage



Head

info needed





Engine Room




Forecastle



Interior Fittings



Lee-Cloths

Unless the structure of the berth itself renders them unnecessary (quarter berths, pilot berths with partitions), bunks on a yacht will have lee-cloths to prevent the sleeper falling out due to the motion of the vessel. These are typically sheets of canvas attached to the open side of the bunk (very few are open all round) and usually tucked under the mattress during the day or when sleeping at anchor or in port. Lengths of rope are attached to the upper corners of the lee-cloth, and fittings are provided above the berth to which these lines can be tied, holding the cloth in place as a kind of wall across the open side of the bunk.

Lee cloths have some secondary uses:

  • If the cloth is fairly tall, it can serve as a kind of curtain to the berth, in an attempt either to provide privacy (something of a lost cause on board a small boat) or to avoid being awakened by the activities of those on watch.
  • Instead of tucking them under the mattress, some owners pull the lee-cloths across the top of the settee berths during rough weather, providing a protective cover for the fabric below and allowing the crew to sit down in wet clothing without damaging it.
  • Pilot berths are sometimes used as storage on short trips with large crews. Each person's kit is kept in a large bag or holdall, and during the day all bags are placed in the pilot berths and tied down under the leecloths.


Materials and Maintenance



Forum Discussions

List links to discussion threads on partnering forums. (see link for requirements)




External Links

Links to relevant websites.

References & Publications

Publications, Guides, etc.


Personal Notes

Personal experiences?



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